Hydrogen-powered electricity
Hydrogen-powered electricity
U. Suresh Kumar *
* Professor / DD in electrical department of electronic
SATHAK MOHAMED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KILAKKARAI, TN, INDIA
E-mail uskrk@sify.com
Summary
This article describes the tasks and the current development state of fuel cell and also explained the practical application why did this issue because hydrogen is promoted as the perfect setting fuel use in the future.
Introduction
There will always be available when fossil fuels are exhausted, is the tenth most abundant element on Earth and is the most abundant element in the universe, is generated from water and returns to water when burned. It is available in large quantities in the oceans of the world.
What many "economists of hydrogen" not clear is – Where energy comes from hydrogen extraction from water?
Hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy source so that the energy issue should ultimately be provided by a conventional power station.
Fuel Cells
- Fuel cell was invented in 1839 by Sir William Robert Welsh lawyer. It takes into hydrogen and oxygen from the air and produce electricity, heat and water. Not used fossil fuels and emit no greenhouse gases and therefore should be the ideal solution for providing distributed or portable power. Despite its obvious advantages that it was not until 1950 in response to the needs of the space program that the U.S. practice devices have been developed. Even today, although there are many types of fuel cells working in development labs in the world and demo units for deployment on a small scale in some countries There is still no way out. What holds the commercialization of fuel cells? The diagram below shows the major components of the AC system or power adapter (see Figure 1)
However, this diagram shows only part of the story. Although the basic principle is quite simple, turn this into a practical product have many technical challenges and so far have not cost-effective solutions. Fuel cells are an expensive way to provide power. The price of cheap clean, renewable energy still unclaimed, but engineers are increasingly close to winning.
How fuel cells work: fuel cells do not store energy like batteries. They provide electric power, while the active chemicals are supplied to the electrodes. The process is described in more detail in the two examples below.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) cells more fuel fuel cells use hydrogen as fuel and oxygen flow of air as an oxidant. The basic reaction can be illustrated by the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. (Also called a fuel cell polymer electrolyte membrane.) The overall equation of the reaction is
2H2 + O2? 2H2O
Equation individual electrodes reaction when they occur are indicated in the diagram of below.fig2
- The electronic flow of electricity between the anode and cathode as a result chemical reactions in the cell represents the conventional energy in the opposite direction. This current is available to complete the work in the circuit external.
- Catalysts Catalysts are needed to increase the rate of oxidation at the anode and the percentage reduction the cathode. Thus, allowing the chemical reaction that occurs at a lower temperature. Otherwise to avoid the cost of expensive catalysts, some Fuel cells are designed to operate the heavy platinum catalyst used in PEM temperatures.The and some other cells is very expensive and very susceptible to poisoning by even small amounts of carbon monoxide makes it necessary to use more filtering process in the system to remove potential contaminants.
The operation of the fuel cell direct methanol is similar to the PEM fuel cell is shown in the above diagram.The electrolyte is a polymer and the charge carriers are the hydrogen ions. liquid methanol (CH3OH) enters the anode of the cell that is oxidized in the presence of water to produce carbon dioxide (CO2). cathode Chemistry is the same as in the PEM cell combines oxygen with hydrogen ions and electrons from the external circuit to produce water. The reactions are:
Anode reaction:
CH3OH + H2O? CO2 + 6H + + 6e –
Cathode Reaction:
3 / 2 O2 + 6H + + 6e -? 3H2O
The overall cell reaction:
+ 3O2 2CH3OH? CO2 + 4H2O
As PEM fuel cells work under DMFC operating temperatures in the range of about 50 ° C to 120 º C, but have a relatively low power density efficiency. Output using current technology is limited to approximately 1.5 kilowatts, which is enough to feed most consumer goods, but not enough for applications Automotive requiring much more power. However, liquid fuel capacity coupled with the elimination of reformer fuel cells very attractive
Balance of Plant (BOP) stack is not enough fuel to produce electricity. practices are sub-systems to supply fuel and provide the necessary control over the processes involved in energy conversion. The essential accessory equipment, the "balance" of plants can be so costly and complex fuel cell stack. Some of these teams is described in the following list;
- fuel storage or
The largest item is the reformer (see below), which provides Local production of hydrogen. The reformer must own have storage capacity for fuel used in the process of reformatting. If hydrogen production is not part of the system, there must be some form of storage for the transport of hydrogen fuel to be consumed by the fuel cell. This requires expensive cryogenic high-pressure tanks or storage tanks (see below)
- Expanders pumps compressors and pumps needed to pump air through the cell reactive and forced to cool. Higher energy systems require compressors to handle the higher airflow. Expanders are necessary to reduce the hydrogen high pressure stored in the inlet pressure necessary to fire.
- Filters Filters are necessary to remove all contaminants in the fuel supply that could poison the catalyst or reduce damage to cells produce electricity and, ultimately causing it to close. individual offenders are carbon monoxide resulting from incomplete reactions in the reformer, which affects platinum catalysts and reformat fuel sulfur fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, which pollutes the hydrogen in turn and attacks and degrades the anodes.
- Systems high power thermal management cooling fluid forced the use of liquid cooling to remove heat. This requires fluid pump and a radiator / heat exchanger eject the system also requires heat.The heater to bring the stack temperature in the operating point in the boot up.An global thermal management is needed to balance the flow of heat to maintain the temperature of the battery to its optimum
- Water The management of the conductivity of the electrolyte in the cell is proportional to the moisture and kept moist to remain driver. Air flow and heat production in cells tend to work against it. Therefore, the air supplied to the cell must be moistened with dehydration and electrolyte stop this requires a humidifier. Operating temperature to cold in freezing conditions also provides problems because of the formation of ice crystals that can damage the electrolyte or membrane. The system should incorporate a method of washing water or other coolant pump controls.Another may be necessary to remove excess water from the cathode.
- Administration Power While some fuel cells may be required to provide normal operating voltage and current, most systems should adapt to different needs. This means that the system should provide a variable current output and, therefore, all fuel, air and water flow must be amended accordingly. At the same time, heat dissipation will change and the temperature must be maintained in its designed operating range. The same principle applies if the reformer is part of the fuel cell system systemThe output voltage is fixed, but the application may require a different voltage or, in the case of most producers, distributed generation, an AC outlet. In these cases, the UPS DC / DC or AC can be an integrated part of the system.
- The electric motors of different sizes are necessary for the operation of pumps and compressors.
- The sensors are needed to monitor temperatures, pressures, liquid and gas flow and electric currents and voltages.
- The fuel cell does not begin to supply power socket until it approaches its point. During boot, the batteries needed to power all electronic controls systems and pumps, compressors and heaters need to get the battery to the battery performance Oceanography provides also a system dynamic behavior reliable power supply independent of the slowdown electronics.Because fuel cell, the battery may also be necessary to provide a temporary increase in power when the fuel cell is subjected to a sudden demand.
- Safety Systems Safety Systems must provide an operation safe, protecting the system of the conditions of tolerance and abuse and close down if necessary.
- System control system could function without the full electronic control systems to manage all sub-systems mentioned above.
Electrical output
- The voltage of the fuel cell typically generates about 0.6 volts to 0.9 volts DC impedance cell.Due internal losses inside the cell, the output voltage decreases as current increases. more cells in a battery must be used to provide higher voltages.
- Current and power output of a single cell is directly proportional to the electrode surface. As for the batteries of the useful surface electrode and thus its potential to transport current can be increased without increasing its physical size, making the surface porous materials with very fine particles size.Typical output power about 1 W / cm2 plate electrodes.
- dynamic response of PEM fuel cells operate at temperatures relatively low around 80 ° C (176 ° F) that allow both reasonably rapid warming (now 10-20 seconds) compared with cells High temperature fuel with as much as 30 minutes to reach operating temperature. This is especially important for automotive applications that require quick starts.
- Because the efficiency of energy conversion in fuel cells is in a conversion process direct-only, much higher yields are possible with conventional electricity generation using steam turbines involving three energy conversion processes. As indicated above, the output voltage of a fuel cell decreases as the current increases. The net effect is that the efficiency also reduces the power consumption of the cell increases so that the efficiency is almost proportional to the output voltage. The operational efficiency of a typical fuel cell operating at 0.7 volts is approximately 50%. This means that 50% of the energy content of hydrogen is converted into electrical energy, while the remaining 50% is dissipated as heat loss or incomplete oxidation in the waste heat from the process of creating electricity cells.The fuel cells may be used combined heat and power CHP) for space heating applications and thus improve the overall energy efficiency of hydrogen. This is particularly attractive for fuel cell systems at high temperatures. Variants of the fuel cell
A range of designs fuel cells using variations of the basic chemistry has been developed to meet different design or use criteria such as less expensive civil works, use more fuel efficient, faster start-ups or fuel usage more convenient or cheaper. Higher output power can be obtained by operating on high temperatures, using catalysts to accelerate the chemical reaction of fuel cells and the use of electrodes with a larger area. lower temperatures can get more expensive catalysts.
The alternatives are:
- PEM PEM Fuel Cells continue to change the basic model described above. They have a good combination of efficiency, power and low operating temperature to make the cell of choice for automotive applications. Although the maximum operating temperature of most models is 100 ° C to avoid damaging the thin membrane, some products have been designed to operate at temperatures up to 120 ° C.
- AFC Alkaline Fuel Cells with aqueous electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. They were some of the Practice first cells and were used in the Apollo space program, production of potable water and electricity. Although they are cheap compared to cells PEM, the operating efficiency of 60% are possible. Unfortunately, they have low power and the catalyst is subject to poisoning by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
- PAFC Phosphoric acid electrolyte fuel cells operate the high temperatures around 220 ° C provide high power one megawatt or more, but with a relatively low efficiency of around 35%. The result of the conversion efficiency of heat production is poor in the fuel cell. Due to the high temperature loss of work efficiency can be mitigated through the use of waste heat in combined heat and power (CHP) applications.
- MCFC fuel cell fusion carbonate operation at high temperatures even 650 ° C to 1000 ° C. Their chemistry unique needs of carbon dioxide in the air part of the process. Efficiency gains are 45% or more and the results the power of over 1 megawatt are applications typical grid. Due to its high temperature, can work directly with the hydrocarbon gases are reformed within the cell and does not require a supply hydrogen separate. The high temperature also means less expensive catalysts are needed, but the molten electrolyte imposes specific requirements on the measures containment and corrosion control.
- In SOFC solid oxide fuel cells also operate in the same or temperatures higher than molten carbonate cells, the same fuel and the advantages of the catalyst. The ceramic electrolyte can run as hot as 800 degrees Celsius is the advantage of the electrolyte remains strong. They can provide power of several megawatts, but at a lower yield of about 35%.
System Cost / kW
Be careful when comparing costs because some estimates may be the fuel cell only when others may include all costs for the remainder plants that could double the cost.
Larger systems provide electricity decentralized are more expensive than small systems used in applications automotive. Currently, costs are about $ 650/kW.The Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (CEAS) comprises the Department of Energy United States sensitive development with solid medium oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has a target cost of a modular system of solid fuel cell state does not exceed $ 400/kW. At this price, fuel cells could compete with gas turbine and diesel generators.Automotive ice costs about $ 25-35 / kW. A system Fuel cell must cost under $ 50 / kW for technology to be competitive. Currently costs are about $ 70/kW.
The U.S. project Car freedom has set targets the cost of PEM fuel cells and $ 45/kW 30/kW $ 2,010 in 2015.
Fuel costs
Cost real power supplied by the fuel cell depends largely on the cost of hydrogen consumed and this in turn depends on how the hydrogen vapor produced.Until was recently reformed natural gas was the cheapest way to produce hydrogen, but production costs have increased the cost of fuel. In Today, assuming that the cost of natural gas is about $ 10 million Btu (MMBtu) the cost of hydrogen in bulk manufacturing plant will be approximately $ 5 / kg. The cost of gas pressure distribution and service stations to be added to this amount. Hydrogen production by electrolysis from Wind power is now the cheapest way to produce gas. Currently, the retail price of hydrogen under pressure from a provider without subsidy is approximately $ 100/kg and rent roll.
Practical applications of fuel cell system
Heat and 1.Combined Power (CHP)
The chemical reaction takes place in a fuel cell is an oxidation catalyst exothermic. Excess heat generated in the high temperature cell fuel, SOFC, MCFC and PAFC can be captured and used to heat water in a combined heat and power production (CHP) application gives overall system efficiency of 80% or more.
Cogeneration is an ideal way to use waste heat from electricity generators less efficient cell Fuel Figure 3.
Applications hydrogen internal combustion engines 2.Automotive's already in the free program, traction (automotive) applications. The first examples were built in Germany by Rudolf error in engines can also be designed 1920s.Automotive for multi-fuel, with the possibility of using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or other fuels and hydrogen. This could be an attractive option for first adopters of hydrogen technologies provides peace of mind on long trips up is a well developed network of hydrogen distribution stations have been installed.
3. Electric Power Generation Hydrogen Internal combustion engines can also be used with rotary generator to produce electricity as shown in the diagram below: Figure 4
Although it is perfectly viable, small, independent generators hydrogen fed energy are more likely to use fuel cells
Conclusion
- He explained that the application some fuel cells. So this one of our ideas, if the generation of electricity from the fuel cell application, we must be saved our environment from CO2 emissions and pollution free
Reference
Energy 1.Tomorrow s': hydrogen, fuel cells and the prospects for a cleaner planet (Paperback) by hobffman Peter (Author), Tom Harkin (Author)
- 2.Fuel Treatment: for Fuel Cells by Gunther Kolb (Institut für Microtechnik Mainz GmbH, Germany)
About the Author
i have qualified in master degree in applied elelctronics after ug with elelctrical and electronics engineeringand also i have experienceing in 10 yrs in acadamic and also 2yrs experienced in industrial and i have one of the members in question setting in various university like anna university, sathiyabama etc
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